When connecting a turntable to an audio system, you often come across the terms PHONO, LINE, and preamplifier. These terms relate to how the turntable's audio signal is processed and amplified.

1. What is PHONO?

PHONO is a low-level output signal that comes directly from the cartridge and stylus of the turntable. This signal:

• Is very weak (~5 mV - millivolts) and requires additional amplification.
• Is not linear: The bass is reduced, and the treble is boosted due to the RIAA equalization curve applied when pressing vinyl records.

To make this signal audible and properly balanced, it must first be processed by a PHONO preamplifier.

2. What is a PHONO preamplifier?

A PHONO preamplifier (also called an RIAA preamp) performs two functions:

1. Amplifies the weak PHONO signal to a standard LINE level (also known as "AUX" level, comparable to CD players, radios, etc.).
2. Applies RIAA equalization to restore the proper balance of bass and treble frequencies.

Some turntables have a built-in PHONO preamplifier, while others do not. If a turntable does not have a built-in preamp, it must be connected to a PHONO input on an amplifier that processes it correctly.

3. What is LINE?

LINE is the standard audio signal level used by most audio sources, such as CD players, radios, and media players. This signal is:

• Much stronger (~150-200 mV) than PHONO.
• Already amplified and processed by a PHONO preamplifier.

If a turntable has a built-in PHONO preamp, it can be connected directly to a LINE input (such as AUX, CD, TAPE, or active speakers).

4. When should you use PHONO or LINE?

• Use PHONO → If your turntable does not have a built-in preamplifier and you connect it to an amplifier with a PHONO input.
• Use LINE → If your turntable has a built-in preamplifier and you connect it to a standard AUX/LINE input.

Some turntables have a switch to select PHONO or LINE, allowing for flexible connectivity.

5. Overview: How to connect a turntable?

I hope this clarifies the differences!